Personal Environmental Ethics :: essays research papers

There are some people who believe that the United States' strictly forced endangered species laws seriously hamper our economy. I on the other hand must disagree. The endangered species laws were created for an important reason: to protect our earth's biological diversity. Whenever humanity interferes with the ecosystem for the purpose of economic growth it tears it apart piece by piece. It is for reasons like these we must have such tough laws, as in the Endangered Species Act. The fact of the matter is that a problem still exists today. Many policy-makers and forest industry representatives argue that the current forest and wildlife conditions constitute a "forest health crisis"(Peters, Frost, & Pace, 1999). The current crisis results from companies who tear down forests for their own profit. By doing this not only is the forest itself being destroyed, but the wildlife within it. Furthermore, in 1990 the EPA's scientific research team stated that destruction of habit ats, and species extinction are two of the four most critical global environmental issues (Biodiversity, 1999). As can be seen, companies who destroy the ecosystem for economic gain are creating irreversible problems that future laws cannot correct. To prevent further problems from occurring we must maintain all biodiversity laws. The basis of the laws are to protect all life, including all human life; and are crucial for present and future generations (Biodiversity, 1999). The federal government has taken charge of this situation, most notably through its endangered species protection efforts (Biodiversity, 1999). This has become a controversial, but necessary step in protection our ecosystem and all of the valuable resources it has to offer. Understanding those environmental issues are subjects of disagreement arising from different perspectives and values; the controversy of economic gain verse ecological conservation is not easily settled. I support wildlife preservation only to prevent extinction. I believe without these laws that we as humans will suffer greatly, because we would be unable to reap the benefits of the ecosystem. I agree with the congressional findings that various species of fish, wildlife, and plants have been rendered extinct as a consequence of economic growth and development intemperate by adequate concern and conservation (O'Laughlin, 1998).

Going to College Essay

Going to college really does open a new chapter in everyone life, the beginning of new friendships, opportunities and growth. As a college student, a new student will be introduced to new areas of interest, broaden his vision of possibilities, establish and accomplish goals, develop lifelong friendships and define him or her in ways that he can imagine. Anyone on Earth already asked, or will ask himself where he would be in 10, 20 or even 30 years down the road. It is hard enough imagining what his life is going to be like in a year or two. Questions like â€Å"Where do you want to be today, tomorrow and in the future? † might be hard ones for young teenagers, who just graduated from high school. Attending college will help anyone answer those questions, develop a realistic plan for accomplishing his goals, and equip him with the knowledge and skills he will needs to see his goals through to the end. We usually assume that a college degree is necessary when it is not actually. We can also noticed that, because we place so much emphasis on degrees, people who have not attended college think of themselves badly, and this lack of self-confidence can really impede their success. There are some people for whom the college is actually not the best way to learn. However, a college education is an opportunity for everyone to learn what he loves. A new student can actually take the time to enjoy learning what he is truly passionate about. If he is interested in a variety of things and he is not sure where to focus, he can take his time to try them all. Nobody should look at college as a long-term contract that he is not going to be able to get out of once he starts. Anyone should feel like he needs to decide on a major area of study before starting college. College is a time for everyone to test himself, explore his interests, see what the possibilities are, and to see what he can achieve. Most other students attending college are going to be in the exact same boat. There are also a variety of resources, provided by most universities, to help anyone through college, including academic advisors, professors accessible on campus, tutoring academic support, full-time counseling staff and more. While the prospect of attending college may seem a bit daunting and even suffocating, a graduated high school teenager should not forget that he will still get to live his life. He will be able to participate in a variety of extracurricular activities, social groups, maintain a job, or even pursue a career while completing his studies. He may even find that college ends up being much more enjoyable and fulfilling than he ever expected. There are additional reasons as to why it is important to go to college. When students experience a post-secondary education, they have the opportunity to read books and listen to the lectures of top experts in their fields. This stimulation encourages students to think, ask questions, and explore new ideas. So, â€Å"why should you go to college? † The reasoning does not begin and end with the job aspect. A good education is beneficial from many different viewpoints. If any teenager is still asking himself why he should go to college, it is important to remember the significant amount of opportunity available for college graduates. The global economy is becoming increasingly more competitive, and in order to give him the best chance for a well-paying job, he must first understand the importance of college education. Attending college provides students with the knowledge and experience they are unable to receive from a secondary education, and finding a way to fund a higher education now can pay off in a huge way in the years to come.

Essay on Violence in Christianity - 3696 Words

Violence in Christianity Violence, it has been a main tool in the Christian arsenal since the middle ages. From the Crusades to the Inquisitions of Spain, violence is ever prevalent. Even in this day and age, intolerance and violence continue to be preached. But is this violence an instrument of God or man? Is violence an inherent part of this religion? Some would say that it is indeed built in to the very fabric of its being. The Old Testament is full of the smiting of infidels and those who defy God. The Book of Revelations tells of the violent and fiery demise of this entire planet. There are instances of mass genocide, the killing of innocent children, holy wars, you name a violent act and God has called for it. The story of†¦show more content†¦Ethics defines violence as follows: ?Violence consists of a violation of another person?s or a group of people?s freedom, dignity, integrity, sense of self worth, or well being; it may be physical, psychological, or emotional (Candelaria 907).? Acts of violence can be further defined by legal and illegal employment of methods of coercion for personal or group gain. This is where things become fuzzy. Who defines legal and illegal? ?The instigator of violence might claim that acts of legitimate violence might include military defense, crusades, just wars, acts of purification, acts of faith, and heroic exploits.? (Klausner 268) These same acts would probably be viewed as illegitimate, illegal acts by the victims. So can violence ever be legitimized? If violence can never be legitimized, then why does it exist with such prominence? Thomas Hobbs believed that humans live in a perpetual state of war, ?a Bellum ominium contra omnes, a ?war of all against all? (Candelaria 907).? Humans are naturally violent. Freud agreed with Hobbes, believing that aggression is a natural human instinct. Fear and desire motivate mankind to violence. Freud also believed that violence would naturally beget violence. Because all humans fear death, when threatened they will turn to aggression to protect themselves. These dim views of the human condition show violence to be intrinsic in ourShow MoreRelatedEssay about Violence and Christianity553 Words   |  3 PagesViolence and Christianity ‘If a Christian loved his neighbour he would not fight.’ There are many arguments agreeing and disagreeing with this statement. The bible teaches Christians that theyRead MoreReligion In The Merchant Of Venice Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesReligion is used as a rationale for violence, aggression, and mistreatment, because of how it can be a tool for dividing people and dehumanizing the outgroup. Religion gives these people the belief that their actions are mandated by God, which causes reasonable judgement to be clouded in favor of easy assumptions and hasty decisions. Some examples of people using their own religious views to wrongfully impose hardships on others are The Jews and Christians of Venice, and the Spanish in the New WorldRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pagesgroups; acts of violence and rebellion, conversion and the embrace of Christianity, and relative inaction and indifference. All three reactions played roles in the downfall of the Ibo clan, but the most damaging in Achebe’s view is the actions of those who decided to ignore the new dynamic of the white man’s presence, and through their arrogance lead the African people as a whole to cultural eradication. While far less common than conversion and indifference, the use of violence in reaction to theRead MoreChristianity vs. Jainism995 Words   |  4 PagesChristianity v. Jainism I have chosen Christianity and Jainism, two of the major world religions as the two religions I would like to compare. I chose these two religions because of my familiarity with Christianity and my interest in wanting to learn more about Jainism. I started my research by wanting to know about their similarities but ended up learning a lot more about their differences. I will begin by giving a brief summary on each religion and then I will list and explain three differencesRead MoreThe Population Of India And India1486 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the 2011 India census there are approximately 28 million Christians (Knapp). This number equates to about 80% of the total population of Canada. To some this would seem that Christianity is flourishing in India. However, the total population of India is 1.25 billion; Christianity only makes up approximately 2.2 per cent of the entire population, while Hinduism makes up 79.8 per cent and Islam 14.2 per cent. Further, since 1951, there has not been a significant increase in the rate ofRead MoreToday s The New Testament And The History Of Interpretation1244 Words   |  5 Pagesand practice prejudice against one another. I will critique two sources that roughly address this question. Leo D. Lefebure, â€Å"Violence in the New Testament and the History of Interpretation† and â€Å"Christiani ty and Violence† written by Miroslav Volf are the two sources I will examine and using for my analytical research. In chapter four of Leo D. Lefebure, â€Å"Violence in the New Testament and the History of Interpretation† examines the interpretation of the New Testament passages that have beenRead MoreChristianity And The Modern World Essay1636 Words   |  7 Pagesideology that has been prevalent in the Modern World since 1815 is Christianity. Christianity is the world’s largest religion serving as an umbrella term for so many sub religions and representing so many interpretations. Since its creation it has played a major role in the lives of thousands of individuals seeking to â€Å"reborn† in the eyes of their lord and savior Jesus Christ. As a result, is it important to note the role Christianity has played on other ideologies in the United States. Which is whyRead MoreThe Crusades And Its Effect On Modern Day Christianity Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesA Brief History of the Crusades and Its Effect on Modern Day Christianity Throughout the history of the world there have been many instances in which religion and religious beliefs have been used as an excuse to perpetrate crimes against others. This is seen in many different religions. Religions such as, Islam and their use of Jihad or holy war which is used as an excuse to kill individuals they consider to be infidels . Hinduism and their caste system in which those of the lowest caste are consideredRead MoreThe Song of Roland and Christianity1483 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Song of Roland and Christianity The Song of Roland is indeed a Christian poem. Of this, there is no question. However, it is a medieval version of Christianity that it presents, and not one that would be something familiar to the early Christians or to the actual followers of Jesus of Nazareth. By the time the Song of Roland was written, Christianity had changed drastically from its early days. Instead of being a mild, humble, and peaceful group of persecuted people who were outside the normsRead MoreReligion And Violence Is Currently One Of The Most Recurrent1623 Words   |  7 PagesReligion and violence is currently one of the most recurrent themes authors write about due to the numerous terrorist actions that consistently occur. These incidents raise multiple questions that the authors of the articles tried to answer by treating different aspects that intersect with religion and violence such as politics and terrorism. The authors of these articles share a lot of ideas and assumptions while simultaneously dis agree on others and try to explain certain aspects differently

The Classical Greek Literature Relationship - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1791 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/23 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Antigone Essay Did you like this example? The Classical Greek Literature Relationship to Tragedy in Antigone What is the relationship between Antigone and Classical Greek literature related to tragedy? The relationship between Antigone in Classical Greek literature is evident through the story line in which two characters disagreement and personal choices lead to an notable twist of unexpected tragic events. Tragedy is defined as the an event causing great suffering, destruction, and distress, such as a serious accident, crime, or natural catastrophes (Merriam dictionary). The Antigone tragedy introduced new ideas which questioned the Gods, philosophy, morals, values, fate and destiny, mystical powers and laws. Classical Greek literatures earliest interpretation of Tragedy, as Aristotle pointed out, was the representation of an action worthy of attention, and once there was an actor, there could be an imitation of the action, though the chorus still sang the story line. (Greek tragedy ). Sophocles is important in classic Greek literature because he introduced tragedy early in his career, in which he is credited for adding a third actor, scenery and imaginative portraits of the characters. Sophocles introduced the convention of a third actor in tragedy productions early in his career (previous tragedies had only two actors with a chorus), and Aeschylus soon followed his lead by including three actors in his Oresteia. Sophocles also introduced scenery of some imaginative portrait of Sophocles. () Antigone is important in Classic Greek literature because it was based on doing the what she believed was the right thing to do by the gods. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Classical Greek Literature Relationship" essay for you Create order Not by the new laws the king had just created which were unjust. Sophocles writings include philosophical questions of self, mortality fate, destiny, etc.. () Antigone is a tragedy due to the amount of unfortunate events that took place in the story line. The tragedies that occurred of Antigoners family include the deaths of her entire family. She choose to burry her brother. In order to protect her family name and allow him to join the gods in the after life. Her love and devotion for her family caused her to disobey the new kings orders. The recurring theme of his tragedies is the suffering of men and women†sometimes suffering they bring on themselves by flaws in their characters, or suffering that results from being in the wrong place at the wrong time.( Edward I. Bleiberg, et al. In every tragedy there is a power struggle between two characters the antagonist and the protagonist. The protagonist is the main character that is heroic. Antigone is the protagonist because she is a woman good person doing the right thing for the brother she loves. Therefore she choose to disregard Creonrs ruthless orders. Creon is the antagonist because he is against the protagonist. The characters dilemma Both Antigone and Creon represent immoderate, inflexible viewpoints, and their immoderation leads to the destruction of Antigone; Creons son, Haemon, who was betrothed to Antigone; and Creons wife, who commits suicide. The play ends with Creon bowed down with grief. ( ) Antigone is one of the most famous tragic plays in Classic Greek literature written by Sophocles around 442 B.C. Sophocles wrote a three act play named Oedipus Rex. Antigoners tragic family history is due to a curse placed by the gods on Oedipus? According to Greek mythology Oedipus represented the king of Thebes. According to the myth Oedipus killed his father and married his mother Jocasta. Oedipus and Jocasta were the parents of Antigone and her siblings. Oedipus found out Jocasta was his long lost mother and he had committed incest, causing him to rip his own eyes out of shame and despair. After Jocasta discovers Oedipus was her son she could not bear with her guilt and shame. Leaving Eteocles and Polyneices as the new rulers to share the throne. After Eteocles decided he wanted to be the only ruler; Polyneices chose to go to war against his own brother resulting in a civil war. During the civil war both brothers fought to the death leading to the 3rd and last act Antigone. The first tragedy occurs in the beginning due to the death of Polyneices and Eteocles. Leaving Creon to become the new King after the civil war naming Polyneices the enemy of the state. Creon ruled that Polyneices would not have a proper burial and decided to threaten the citizens to there deaths if they disobey his order. Antigone found this unjust and decided to defy Creon by burring her brother; causing a ripple effect of death due to Creonrs ruthless behavior. Ancient Greek society was male dominate; therefore Antigone a woman disobeyed the new Kings orders being a shocking occurrence. Since it was not an equal society Antigoners actions were seen as a rebellious act against the King. Creonrs pride was so big he decided to kill her. After her death her future husband Haemon committed suicide. The queen decided to hang herself because her son had died due to the husbands rules. Leaving Greon to live a lonely miserable life he deserved. Preventing him from joining the mythological gods. The fate of Antigone was due to her pride for her family and to allow her brother to bury her brother without the consent of the King. Antigone is a story based on several tragic events which spiral down to the worst imaginable disagreement between two characters. This caused a ripple effect of fatalities due to Creon rs ruthless actions. Antigoners character was a prideful, rebellious, determined woman who was not fearless while following her heart. Antigone, humorless and domineering is a female copy of Oedipus (Knox, Bernard, Nassaar, Christopher 187-189) Thought Antigoners life she encountered many tragedies which lead her to become a pessimistic individual. Antigone expressed realization of the gods powers were stronger than any human on earth because humans are mortals. My sister Ismene, do you know of any suffering from our father sprung that Zeus does not achieve for us survivors ? therers nothing free from doom, not shameful, not dishonored, Ive not seen.( Sophocles , 495-406 B.C.) The importance of a proper burial determined whether Polyneices was able to join the gods. The list of tragedies that occurred in the first two acts of Oedipus rex are summarized by Ismene Alas. Remember , sister, how our father perished abhorred, ill famed. Himself with his own hands, through his own curse destroying both eyes. Remember next his mother and his wife finished life in shame of the twisted strings. And third two brothers on a single day, poor creatures, murdering , a common doom each with his arm accomplished on the other . and now look at the two of us alone. Well perish terribly if we force the law and try to cross the royal vote and power. We must remember we are two woman so not fight with men. (Antigone) In 442 B.C.E the Dionysius celebrations began in Athens as the cultural center in Ancient Greece. During Spring the citizens would honor the God of Dionysus. Dionysus is the Greek God of wine. The symbolic statues of the God Dionysus were placed outside to watch over the festivities over the course of three days. The festivities included endless supply of wine, animal sacrifices, and people dressed in colorful attire, played games, sung songs and theater. The festivities took on Acropolis south slope rocky amphitheater . One of the favorite parts of the festival was the completion for the best plays writers. The winner got to wear a crown during the Dionysus festival. The elite members of society and the judges would choose the winner that wears the crown . At the age of 27 Sophocles competed for the first time and succeeded over his predecessors. According to historians Sophocles won the Dionysian crown eighteen times through his lifetime. Sophocles lived from 497-406 BCE. Over his life he wrote over 123 plays which made him a legend in classical Greek literature. (Wins the festival of Dionysus 22) Antigone as a tragedy is famous because the story has stood the test of time in history and it can still be relevant in our current society. As woman we have been portrayed as weak docile individualrs. In this story for the first time a woman stood up to the king with out fear. Which was a great introduction to woman seen as doing heroic acts of good. Antigone is though to be the earliest of these enduring popularity highlights the importance of the work as an example of classical Greek theater that is sophisticated enough in its staging and character development to appeal to modern audiences (wins festival) Sophocles writings influenced the many cultures around the world and it has shaped the way theater has developed into an artistic form of expression. The innovations of Sophocles and other early Greek playwrights were instrumental in shaping the development of western European and north American theatrical entertainment for centuries( wins the festival). The relationship between Antigone in Classical Greek literature related to tragedy is evident through out the story by the characters actions and moral dilemma against the rules placed by the new king. Sophocles addiction of a third actor , scenery and imagetry of the characters transformed the world of entertainment that is still relevant in our present modern society. Work Cited Keri Walsh. Mosaic: A journal for the interdisciplinary study of literature. 41.3 (Sept. 2008): p1+. From Literature Resource Center. Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2008 University of Manitoba, Mosaic https://www.umanitoba.ca/mosaic/ Knox, Bernard. Introduction to Sophocles: the three Theban plays. New York , penguin, 1984. Nassaar, Christopher S. Sophocles Oedipus the king explicator 55(1997): 187-89. Sophocles. Antigone. World masterpieces. New York : Norton, 1992. (Knox, Bernard and Nassaar, Christopher S. 187-189) Gardner, Janet E., Beverly Lawn, Jack Ridl, and peter Schakle, eds. Literature: a portable anthology, 4th ed. Bedford/ St. Martinrs, 2016. Greek Tragedy. Arts and Humanities Through the Eras, edited by Edward I. Bleiberg, et al., vol. 2: Ancient Greece and Rome 1200 B.C.E.-476 C.E. Gale, 2005, pp. 144-154. Gale Virtual, Reference Library, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3427400251/GVRL?u=cuny_yorksid=GVRLxid=09d3be45. (Edward I. Bleiberg, et al. 144-154) Hemmingway, Colette and Sean Hemmingway. Greek gods and religious practices. In timeline of art history. NY: Heillbrunn the metropolitan museum of art 200. http:www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grlg/hd_grlg.htm (October 2003) (Hemmingway, Colette and Sean) Sophocles tragedy , Antigone, wins the festival of Dionysus. Global events: milestone events throughout history, edited by Jennifer Stock, vol. 4: Europe, Gale, 2014, pp. 22- 24. context, https://link.galegroup.com/app/doc/cx3728000509/GIC?u=cuny_yorksid=GICxid=113b13e1. (Stock, Jennifer 22-24) Augst, Therese. Tragic Effects: Ethics and Tragedy in the Age of Translation. Ohio State UP, 2012. Classical Memories/Modern Identities. MLA International Bibliography, https://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/N2812664936/GLS?u=cuny_yorksid=GLSxid=525d8919. Accessed 20 November. 2018.

Realism and Ibsens a Dolls House Essay - 1527 Words

Ibsen: Keeping it Real Since 1879 Realism is a style of writing in which the author strays away from romance and fantasy and leans toward the everyday life of real people and the negative aspects of their lives. The Norwegian author Henrik Ibsen captures the true essence of realism in his famously controversial play A Doll’s House. Nora is an idealistic wife who bows down to her husband’s commands and fulfills his every wish. When Torvald, her husband, fell sick she did everything she could to save his life, going as far as forging her dead father’s signature to receive money to pay for their trip to Italy for better heath care. The story takes place during Christmas time, where Nora is now forced to come to terms with the crime she has†¦show more content†¦Torvald wants Nora to know that he is the one â€Å"on top† in the relationship; he is the bread winner, the man, and the more powerful person. He is always trying to suppress Nora and keep her dominance over him at bay. Not on ly must women be submissive to their husbands but they were expects to be obedient to him as well. Torvald is always telling this wife not to eat her favorite treat, macaroons, because her teeth with rot and fall out. When Nora buys the dessert in town, she hides them from Torvald. She lies to him when he asks if the thought crossed her mind that day to stop and get a treat. Nora tells her husband, â€Å"No, Torvald really; I promise you†¦ I wouldn’t do anything that you don’t like† (Ibsen 151). Nora is afraid of contradicting Torvald’s word and promises to him she would never do anything to go against him. Instead of being her husband’s equal Nora feels as if she were a child. Ibsen depicts Nora’s marriage as a relationship between a father and his child instead of a husband and his wife and mother of his young children. Torvald treats Nora like a little girl who cannot make her own decisions. She is forced to play this role of a chil d her whole life; fist under her own father’s roof and now under Torvald’s. The forced roles of women were enforced in society, as well as the idea of keeping one’s flaws concealed from the outside world. DeceptiveShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Role of Realism in Ibsens, A Dolls House737 Words   |  3 PagesIs â€Å"A Doll’s House† simply another text in which the composer questions the ideals of his society? Or is it advocating the rights of women as individuals, perhaps a pioneer in feminist literature? One may argue that â€Å"A Doll’s House† is nothing more than a product of Henrik Ibsen’s examination of his contemporary society’s values and morals, specifically those of the bourgeois class. But Ibsen does more than simply reflect upon these values and morals, and rather uses the setting of a middleclassRead MoreNora Helmer versus Hedda Gabler in Male Dominated Society Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s stories of Hedda Gabler and A Doll House, we witness examples of a single individual against the overwhelming society. Nora left her family and marriage behind to become an independent individual without the control o f men; whereas, Hedda Gabler choose death as her ultimate solution when she was threatened to be control by man. Ibsen’s A Doll’s House was written in 1879 in a style of realism, which depicted life more truthfully without idealized literary elements. A Doll’s House conveysRead More Symbolism in A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen Essay example2771 Words   |  12 PagesSymbolism in A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen      Ã‚   A Dolls House by Henrik Ibsen is perhaps one of the most hotly debated plays to come out of the 19th century.   The 19th century continued the process of the demystification that began with the Enlightenment.   Because of the discoveries of the Enlightenment, humans could no longer be sure about their place in the universe.   This, of course, had an impact on the theater.   The movement toward realism, which, like the 19th century in generalRead MoreComparing The Historical And Intellectual Circumstances Surrounding The Writing Of Two3390 Words   |  14 Pagesacts can be found. The way the play is received is another measure of its impact, influence and historical value. Two plays that contrast in their forms but have created impact in their individual time are Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and Tristan Tzara’s The Gas Heart. The focus of this essay will be to compare the two contrasting plays, in order to recognise, in spite of certain d ifferences, the messages that both playwrights are voicing through the use of their characters and using critical analysisRead MoreAgency Of Punishment And Hedda Gabler1914 Words   |  8 Pagesseeks her freedom from cultural and familial oppression by allowing herself to be executed. In Henrik Ibsen’s play Hedda Gabler, the protagonist, an aristocratic woman from prosperous 19th century Norway, asserts her freedom from societal oppression by killing herself. Considering the socio-economic and cultural differences of these female characters, how could their ends be so similar? In this essay, we’ll discuss why these late 19th century, early 20th century authors chose to make suicide, or theRead MoreBeckett And The Realism Theatre Of Henrik Ibsen2026 Words   |  9 PagesIn the very basic formats of theatre, including plot, form, and stage design, there are a large amount of differences between the absurd theatre of Samuel Beckett and the realism theatre of Henrik Ibsen; however, both these playwrights look to challenge their audience and the theatrical conventions and expectations of their time. Beckett challenges the idea of how language, time, and human existence are presented and perceived within a play; Ibsen challenges the conventional ideas of his time withRead More A Comparison of Realism in Uncle Vanya and A Dolls House Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesRealism in Uncle Vanya and A Dolls House      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A play serves as the authors tool for critiquing society. One rarely encounters the ability to transcend accepted social beliefs. These plays reflect controversial issues that the audience can relate to because they interact in the same situations every day. As late nineteenth century playwrights point out the flaws of mankind they also provide an answer to the controversy. Unknowingly the hero or heroine solves the problem at the end of theRead MoreRealism in Arms and the Man1527 Words   |  7 PagesRealism was a general movement in 19th-century theatre that developed a set of dramatic and theatrical conventions with the aim of bringing a greater fidelity of real life to texts and performances. It shared many stylistic choices with naturalism, including a focus on everyday (middle-class) drama, colloquial speech, and mundane settings. Realism and naturalism diverge chiefly on the degree of choice that characters have: while naturalism believes in the overall stren gth of external forces overRead MoreSymbolism of a Dolls House2840 Words   |  12 PagesApril 15, 2015 Symbolism of Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen is perhaps one of the most hotly debated plays to come out of the 19th century.   The eighteen hundreds continued the process of the demystification that began with the Enlightenment.   Because of the discoveries of the Enlightenment, humans could no longer be sure about their place in the universe.   This, of course, had an impact on the theater.   The movement toward realism, which, like the 19th century in generalRead MoreA Doll House by Henrik Ibsen7379 Words   |  30 PagesPerlas World Literature January 14, 2012 A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen Translated by Rolf Fjelde I. Introduction During the late nineteenth century, women were enslaved in their gender roles and certain restrictions were enforced on them by a male dominant culture. Every woman was raised believing that they had neither self-control nor self-government but that they must yield to the control of a stronger gender. John Stuart Mill wrote in his essay, â€Å"The Subjection of Women†, that women were, â€Å"wholly

Income Tax Exemptions in Pakistan Free Essays

In The name Of Allah The Most Merciful The Most Beneficent Assignment of: Principle Practice Income Tax Topic: Need of Tax Exemption [pic] Question: What is the need of Tax Exemption or Tax Concession in income tax from government point of view? And Does present income tax exemption policy of Pakistan effective in achieving its objectives give comments? TAX EXEMPTION According To â€Å"Community Benefit† theorists Tax-exemption contributes to pluralism â€Å"by providing the public goods and services that either are undersupplied by the private market or by the government or else not provided in the same socially desirable manner† NEED OF TAX EXEMPTION Tax Exemption is provided for various purposes discussed below which are: ? To Promote Economic activity ? To Provide Benefit to society ? To Provide Corporate Welfare ? To Attract Businesses ? To Promote Organizations ? To Encourage Religious Activities ? To Encourage Economic Activities ? To Encourage Retirement-Led Investment ? To Promote Economic activity Tax exemptions are usually meant to either reduce the tax burden on a particular segment of society in the interests of fairness or to promote some type of economic activity through reducing the tax burden on those organizations or individuals who are involved in that activity. ? To Provide Benefit To Society Tax Exemptions are accorded to certain organizations because they provide a benefit to society which the government is unable or unwilling to provide. ? To Provide Corporate Welfare Tax Exemption to specific businesses such as Big Oil is for corporate welfare. We will write a custom essay sample on Income Tax Exemptions in Pakistan or any similar topic only for you Order Now To Attract Businesses Exemption from property tax and other local tax is used as a tool for attracting business to areas suffering from economic down turn or depression. ? To Promote Organizations Tax Exemption is provided to individuals and organizations to promote economically. ? To Encourage Religious Activities Tax exemption is provided to encourage certain social and religious activities. ? To Encourage Economic Activities Tax exemption is provided to encourage certain economic activities. ? To Encourage Retirement-Led Investment Tax Exemption is provided on amount of gratuity or commutation of person to encourage retirement-led investments. COMMENTS Ignoring all other factors and emphasizing particularly on tax exemption we can comment that, ? Tax exemption has promoted agriculture sector. Tax is not applied on income generated up to Rs. 80,000, income exceeding from R. s 80,000 will b taxed. The total number of such farmer assesses is reported to be only about 20,000 in the entire country with an average of no more than 200 such agriculture income tax payers per district. Thus tax exemption provides relief to people engaged in tax exemption. ? Tax exemption has promoted scholarships in the country as the ratio of scholarships have increased from last decades which is providing opportunities to many students to not only study in Pakistan but also abroad. Tax exemption from scholarships is beneficial for both students and country. ? Tax exemption has promoted immense foreign investment in Pakistan as China has started many projects in Pakistan not only because of cheap labor but also because of tax exemption. Similarly many other foreign projects are practicing in Pakistan. Tax exemption has promoted many investment banks as Modarba, macro finance bank, national investment trust etc which provide many easy loans to people and firms which in turn contribute in promoting society. ? Tax exemption policy has promoted many sectors as businesses, educational sector, foreign investment, NGO’S etc Thus, We can conclude that present tax exemption policy i s providing many incentives to people, starting new businesses and is encouraging people to invest more and more in various sectors which in turn are generating income to the economy. It is because of tax exemption that many projects have started in special industrial zones in Pakistan as Export processing zone, North Western Industrial zone, Eastern Western Industrial zone and many more. Tax exemption policy in many areas as income earned from foreign enterprise, capital gain by foreign institutional investor, income from transport businesses has widened the approach of business. So present income tax exemption policy of Pakistan is effective in achieving its objectives. [pic] How to cite Income Tax Exemptions in Pakistan, Papers

Measurement Of Impairment Individual Asset â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Measurement Of Impairment Individual Asset? Answer: Introducation Assets whether tangible or intangible are the critical resource possessed by an entity in the course of its business. The assets have their own economic value and hence they are required to be accounted for adequately. Considering the need of proper accounting and disclosures of entitys significant assets in the financial reports, Accounting Standard Board has issued certain standards in relation to the accounting treatments to be given in various situations. Asset Impairment is one of those crucial situations which requires appropriate measurement and recognition in the financial statements of the company. Impairment of an asset has been defined in the Australian accounting standard as the situation when carrying value of the asset exceeds the amount that is recoverable from that particular asset. Accounting treatment to be followed in case of impairment of assets is prescribed in the AASB 136 issued by Australian Accounting Standard Board (Bond, Govendir Wells, 2016), (Ji, 2013). Any asset whether it is a tangible asset or an intangible one it may be subjected to impairment depending upon its characteristics. The assets that may be impaired have been commonly identified as plant and machinery, property plant and equipment, goodwill patents and the other intangible assets. An impairment loss on any individual asset must be recognised in the statement of profit and loss immediately as an expense (Amiraslani, Iatridis Pope, 2013). But, if the revaluation reserve is existing for that particular asset, impairment loss must be charged to the revaluation account to an extent revaluation reserve is carrying a credit balance to cover the loss. Any amount of impairment loss exceeding the balance of revaluation reserve must be taken to the profit or loss account (Vanza, Wells Wright, 2011). However, if the asset is not revalued previously the impairment loss on such asset must be directly charged to the profit or loss account. The company must also disclose the fact of asset impairment in the financial reports in accordance with the requirement of the accounting standard. At every year ending the company has to assess as to whether there exists any indication about the asset impairment. There are certain factors which may indicate the impairment of an asset. Such factors are classified under two categories i.e. external and internal factors (Laskaridou Vazakidis, 2013). Following are some of the factors that many cast an indication of impairment: External factors: The market value of the asset is decreased significantly than the expected decline out of due to normal usage or passing of time during the reporting period (Comiskey Mulford, 2010). Adverse technological, economical and legal environmental changes in the market with which asset is associated The rate of interest in the market or rate of investments have been significantly increased and such changes are likely going to negatively influence the discounting rate which is used to determine the value of asset. Internal factors: Obsolescence of asset or the asset is physically damaged. Evidence of the worst present or future economic performance of the asset is available. Significant adverse changes in the ways in which asset is presently used or will be used in future. Such as discontinuation plans of the asset or asset becoming disposable so early than the expected useful life. There must be a critical assessment of the information which indicates the possibility of impairment of an asset. Only after considering the true evidences of impairment indication, the impairment of an asset must be measured and recognised in the financial statements. Once the asset is impaired the carrying amount of the individual asset must be decreased to account for the impairment. The asset is considered to be impaired when its carrying value exceeds the amount recoverable on that asset. Carrying amount is the amount with which the asset is being carried in the financial statements of the company (Sun, Shipan Xia). This amount is calculated by deducting the accumulated depreciation from the historical cost of the asset. Recoverable amount of any asset is the amount which is identified as higher of two values i.e. the value in use and the fair value of asset. Value in use is the sum of estimated future cash flows from the asset. Recoverable amount is identified for every single individual asset in this business until or unless the asset do not generate the inflows of cash which are significantly depending on cash flows of other single or group of assets. If any of these two values exceeds the amount that is recorded in the financial statements then the asset is considered to be impaired (Amiraslani, Iatridis Pope, 2013). Therefore the amount with which the im pairment loss is to be recognised in the financial statement is the difference between the actual carrying value of the asset and the amount that is recoverable therefrom. While recognising the impairment loss if the loss amount exceeds the carrying amount of the asset, the company may create a liability regarding it but this is only possible if there is a requirement of any other standard of accounting. After recognising the loss of impairment, the amortisation cost or the remaining depreciation charges thereon must be allocated to the revised carrying amount on a systematic basis (Trottier, 2013). Therefore it is highly recommended to the companies possessing goodwill or any other intangible assets of like nature, to have an adequate system of impairment check for all the relevant and significant assets at yearly intervals so as to avoid the consequences of sudden decline in the values of the assets. However assets other than the intangible assets are required to checked for impairment only when there indications of impairment. Decline in the market value of the assets than the assets net value after depreciation charges is an important trigger for the Impairment testing. However, it there is any increase in the recoverable amount of an asset more than its net asset value then such an increment must be ignored. Asset Impairment requires immediate recognition as it a material loss in the economic value of the assets. Part B Computation of Impairment Loss of Gali Ltd. Amount. Plant less Accumulated depreciation 4,84,000.00 Equipment 1,11,000.00 Fittings 70,000.00 Inventory 30,000.00 Goodwill 25,000.00 Total 7,20,000.00 B. Recoverable amount (a) Value in Use 6,45,000.00 B. Recoverable amount 6,45,000.00 C. Impairment Loss (A-B) 75,000.00 Allocation of impairment loss Goodwill 25,000.00 Land 18,196.00 Accumulated Impairment Losses 31,804.00 Journal Entries of Impairment Loss for Gali Ltd Impairment Loss A/c Dr ... 75,000.00 To Goodwill A/c 25,000.00 To Equipment A/c 18,196.00 To Accumulated Impairment Losses 31,804.00 Accumulated Impairment Losses A/c Dr 31,804.00 To Profit Loss A/c 31,804.00 References Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F., 2013. Accounting for asset impairment.London: Cass Business School. Bond, D., Govendir, B. and Wells, P., 2016. An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.259-288. Comiskey, E.E. and Mulford, C.W., 2010. Goodwill, triggering events, and impairment accounting.Managerial Finance,36(9), pp.746-767. Ji, K., 2013. Better late than never, the timing of goodwill impairment testing in Australia.Australian Accounting Review,23(4), pp.369-379. Laskaridou, E.C. and Vazakidis, A., 2013. Detecting asset impairment management: Some evidence from food and beverage listed companies.Procedia Technology,8, pp.493-497. Sun, Shipan, and Xia Xu. "Study on the Asset Impairment Accounting."International Journal of Business and Management5, no. 6 (2010): 199. Trottier, K., 2013. The effect of reversibility on a manager's decision to record asset impairments.Accounting Perspectives,12(1), pp.1-22. Vanza, S., Wells, P.A. and Wright, A., 2011. Asset impairment and the disclosure of private information.